Are You Smart Enough To Find The Length? | Math Games
Geometry Puzzle

Are You Smart Enough To Find The Length?

Geometry puzzle: 12 small circles of radius 1 and a large circle inside a square. What is the length of each side of the square?

I was doing this geometry problem with my friend as a contest to see who would get to the answer faster. After trying for 30 minutes, we gave up.

I knew I was so close to the answer but my method was not quite there.

Instead of focusing on the geometry alone, a quicker way would be to make use of coordinate geometry. And that’s the biggest hint to this puzzle.

Now I recommend you pause the article, and give this problem a go. When you are ready, keep reading for the solution!
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Solution

Here’s what we will do. We denote the side of the square to be S, and the radius of the big circle to be R. Naturally S = 2R. The key to the solution lies in placing the figure onto the xy-plane. Here the bottom left of the square is at the origin (0, 0). And the center of the circle has coordinates (R, R). Let’s zoom in on the top left corner. There’s quite a bit to unpack here. Remember that the radius of each of the 12 small circles is 1. This means the center of the right circle in the top left corner must have x-coordinate 1 + 1 + 1 = 3…
Ready to see the answer?

Solution

Here’s what we will do. We denote the side of the square to be S, and the radius of the big circle to be R. Naturally S = 2R.

Square with side S and circle labeled 2R

The key to the solution lies in placing the figure onto the xy-plane.

Figure placed on xy-plane with coordinates (0,0), (S,S), and center (R,R)

Here the bottom left of the square is at the origin (0, 0). And the center of the circle has coordinates (R, R).

Let’s zoom in on the top left corner.

Zoomed top left corner showing (3, S-1) and distance = R+1 to (R,R)

There’s quite a bit to unpack here. Remember that the radius of each of the 12 small circles is 1.

This means the center of the right circle in the top left corner must have x-coordinate 1 + 1 + 1 = 3, and y-coordinate S − 1. Remember S is the side length of the square.

Since we know S = 2R, we now have two points in terms of R, and we also know its distance in terms of R.

Points (3, 2R-1) and (R,R) with distance = R+1

That’s good news because we can just apply the distance formula! Woohoo!

Distance formula: sqrt((R-3)^2 + (R-(2R-1))^2) = R+1

Upon expanding and simplifying, we should get the following quadratic equation.

R^2 - 10R + 9 = 0

And this has two roots.

(R - 9)(R - 1) = 0

Either R = 9 or R = 1. But R must be greater than 1 so we find the radius to be 9.

s = 2R = 2 × 9 = 18

And so the side of the square must be 18.

The Answer
18
The side length of the square is 18 units

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